FISH CULTURE

DISEASE WHICH BECAUSE OF COPEPODA. Copepoda [is] lilliputian prawn faction which often attack exterior fish body and gill. This parasite earn life [in] brine and also freshwater and very [is] difficult controlled. member of Copepoda which non parasite often share to medium inang of worm parasite. Many parasite of Copepoda penetrating fish flesh without can be prevented by treatment of chemistry. This parasite have complicated life cycle. Argulus Sp . Argulus Sp . [is] of a kind lilliputian prawn which the including into set of relatives of Argulidae and represent ektoparasit. This organism have circular body form [of] pipih like flea, so that [is] often referred [as] [by] fish flea ( louse fish). Its body [is] provided with appliance able to be used to hook;correlate its body [at] gill and suck food gist;sari. this Parasite attack generally [do] not generate death [at] fish because he is only sucking its just blood so that fish become thinly. Hurt of[is ex- this sucker appliance repre

ENGINEERING REPAIR OF QUALITY MEDIA CONDUCTING FISH. Pros and cons [is] quality of fishery media very is determining [of] storey;level produce fish. Because fish production will mount if its conservancy media [of] production and goodness will be downhill if its bad conservancy media. Quality of fishery media like water and land;ground will support product increase of fishery if [done/conducted] [by] repair of conducting media quality. Quality of ugly fishery usually happened [at] effort intensive pattern conducting. Generally intensive conducting use solid [is] high dispersion which followed [by] abundant food to cause heaping of fish dirt and pigswill in fish conducting media. This condition result downhill water quality and quality, storey;level acidity of water will mount, oxygen rate go down, and heaping of poison gas. If materials of organic which must be elaborated [by] its amount more than amount of decomposition mikroorganisme, will cause decomposition process become to be purs

Role of fat in processing of fish 1. As Source of aroma 2. Goal feel 3. Colour 4. Emulsion.

Fat Have content : obstetrical [of] fat 1. Vitamin. dissolve vitamin in fat [is] : Vitamin : A, D, E , K 2. Pigment 3. Cholesterol - LDL - HDL 4. Aroma / Goal feel

Fat [at] fish many [at] shares 1. Red flesh 2. Liver ( Shark ) 3. Head 4. Peritoneum Variation [of] Fat influenced - Migration : transfer activity - Spawning : breeding activity - Feeding : activity eat pursuant to blubber content can be grouped to become 1. Thinly fat < 5 % 2. medium fat 5 - 15 % 3. Big fat > 15%

Type Damage of Protein 1. Autolisis. dead fish [of] enzyme of fish body will change the the fish hence fish flesh become to soften 2. Denaturasi. Changing of it nature of physical of protein. [At] fresh fish flesh initialy hence becoming is stiff. denaturasi resulted from - Heat - Cool - Chemical Iihat vitamin, salt 3. Koagulasi. furthermore process of denaturasi 4. Change. Protein altered by microbe become acid of amino hence will happened reek [at] fish 5. Condensation.

factors of Genetic. When happened forge of spermatozoa with core of egg, happened also association of material coming from two source. Whether egg and or spermatozoa bring the nature of from each mains that is chromosome. Chromosome represent small object, located in core of cell, accountable for evacuation or transmission of[is nature of clan. This chromosome can only seen when happened bisection of cell by mitosis especially at the (time) of metaphase by special coloration. Size measure and that chromosome form differ in different fish species. But that chromosome can be differentiated to become 4 kinds of as follows ( Draw 16 ): a = Acro(Telo)Centric ( t). chromosome of Telocentric its its[his] that is place area patch yarn when located mitosis near by one of [the] tip of chromosome. b = Subtelocentric ( st). chromosome of Subtelocentric its [of] nearby him to tip of chromosome, but there are short chromosome arm. c = Submetacentric ( sm). chromosome of Submetacentric its its[his] l

Fish science a lot of that is : Physical, Chemical, Biology. Factor influencing fish chemical composition 1. Intra and species inter 2. Way of living or way of eating 3. different Ground Fishing 4. Time or arrest season 5. Livelines of fish 6. Gender.

excellence and weakness of fish to result of fishery product. Excellence of fish [is] 1. value of Biologis 90%. value of biologis 90% its meaning if/when eating 1 fish singk hence 90 gram [in] our body, and 10 castaway gram. 15% fish flesh fully contain protein. 10% protein from besides fish flesh 2. Met many. fishery potency more or less 6,5 million ton / th [in] indonesia 3. Its cheap price 4. Accepted many. weakness of fish [is] 1. high Water rate. Fish have high water rate, hence easy to happened decomposition process till decay, easy to live mikroorganisme as decomposition of deterioration 2. pH come near neutrally. fish pH generally 6,5 - 6,7. if/when low pH hence deterioration microbe cannot live 3. Fastener jacquards a few/little 4. oxidized Easy fat. Omega fat 3 and omega 9 representing fat is not saturated [is] easy to oxidized, so that emerge rancid aroma.

type of aerator a. Gravity Aerator ( Influence of gravity ). principal : dropping water so that happened contact irrigate with air which is more. kinds of : 1. Weir with splash board 2. Weir with paddle wheel 3. Weir with rotating board 4. Weir with inclined plane without hole 5. Weir with inclined plane with hole 6. Lattice aerator 7. Riser with perporated aprous b. Surface Aerator ( Surface ). Principal : mixing water which have there [is] in pool by transmitting into the air or make its surface become wide [of] is ( surging) c. Diffusier Aerator ( mixing ). Principle : mixing air have oxygen [to] in water so that the more water which mixed with air d. Turbine Aerator ( paddle wheel) e. Combination 2 or more a until d.

Principle of Aerasi Water. Principal [of] aerasi [at] fishpond [is] to 1. extending surface areal which [is] contact with air 2. Mix [of] water with other materials or air so that water which [is] have low oxygen [to] [of] contact with air or oxygen 3. Mixing water which [is] have high oxygen [to] with water which [is] have low oxygen [to] 4. Water Sirkulasi 5. Air as source of highest oxygen [in] nature.

Technological Base result of fishery. elementary definition [of] technology result of fishery : passed to treatment result of fishery as a mean to lengthen energy keep. Usefulness of Technology result of fishery 1. Preventing degradation of quality result of fishery 2. Preventing poisoned 3. Supply of food 4. extending distribution 5. Source of production 6. Improving economic value.

Benefit Plankton [at] fishpond 1. Vegetation plankton as oxygen producer [in] territorial water 2. absorbent Vegetation plankton [of] dangerous compound to prawn ( ammonia ), directly and also indirectly 3. special natural food [at] fry dispersion 4. depressing growth of moss [in] fishpond base.

Role of [gift/ giving] of chalk [at] plankton - [gift/ giving] of chalk [at] fishpond suggested at night so that carbonate element will increase, meaning ability fasten CO2 in ever greater water, so that more and more ion OH- discharged to water will cause increase of and pH of CO2 re -formed. [at] the reaction can be used for the activity of plankton photosynthesis [at] morning , thereby existence of plankton in water can be defended is continuous.

System management of fish conducting need, conducting step : fish conducting step among that is 1. Preparation of pool 2. fertilization and [gift/ giving] of chalk [at] pool land 3. Draining of pool 4. Admission Filling Of Water 5. Fertilization of Water 6. Plant Plankton 7. Addition of plankton 8. Seed Aklimasi 9. Dispersion Seed 10. Management of food 11. Management of Quality water.

spawn group pursuant to amount of its egg yolk. Oligolecithal. pregnant Egg [of] slimmest egg yolk [of] its amount. Fish example [of] having egg that way [is] Amphioxus . Telolecithal. Egg of Telolecithal pregnant a number of egg yolk too many for one egg of oligolecithal. Fish having egg of telolecithal many there are [in] area which [is] have season [to] four, for example [at] fish of Sturgeon , Macrolecithal. Egg having egg yolk relative many with cytoplasms keping [in] part of its pole [of] him. egg kinds of this many there are [at] most fish. source of M. Effendie,1997 ichsan.

make-up of the effort fishery conducting can be [done/conducted] [by] if/when 1. The available of well guaranted fish seed [is] its levying 2. Make-Up of productivity [pass/through] fertilization method and method [gift/ giving] of food made in 3. Make-Up of pre-eminent fish mains utilize importance of fish seed effort 4. Repair of mechanism arrange conducting unit water

Engineering Fishery of Conducting - management of conducting effort 1. Certifiable Seed 2. Pre-Eminent Mains. Target of Conducting fishery in fishery economic activity : Target of Conducting fishery Basically [is] ready [of] fish stok by kontinue remember product yielded [at] arrest of fish cannot fulfill requirement of continuous market. hereinafter on the other side [at] effort arrest of fish, depended 1. Fish season 2. Factor Weather 3. What overflows Fish 4. high capital enough. if/when compared to the effort capital factor conducting [do] not equal to effort arrest, product sock can be laboured by creating the effort seeding, conservancy of seed, and magnification which is on [is] finally obtained [by] consumption size measure fish to be distributed to market.

Kinds of spawn. Research to fish larva and egg [in] free nature in Indonesia not yet [done/conducted] many, again, [do] not as in some neighbouring state. Delsman ( 1921 - 1938) representing first person [doing/conducting] research exhaustively to fish larva and egg of pelagis [in] Java Sea. But still limited to some just species that is some of important economic fishs which there are [in] Java Sea. Still many other species [of] bream goodness and also sea fish in Indonesia which not yet been checked. Egg and fish larva which [is] conducting have checked many by [all] student but generally not yet been publicized. Some kinds of egg of pelagis larva and [in] Java Sea got by Delsman like [at] Picture 13. Picture 13. Kinds of spawn of pelagis of Java Sea and Malacca Strait ( Delsman, 1929) Picture boldness 1. Chirocentrus Dorab 2. Unknown 3. Clupea Fimbriata 4. Stelophorus Heterolobus 5. Engraulis Kammalensis 6. Stolephorus Indicus 7. Trichiurus Sp 8. Muraena Sp 9. Decapterus ( Ca

EARLY CYCLING LIFE FISH. Attention to processs which there are in growth early fish life represent piquancy because relating to the fish population stability in a[n territorial water. Mortalitas in the early growth of fish life generally very big where fluctuation of mortalitas have big share in determining variation [of] produce [at] annually. However this matter still need digs of furthermore research to be developed [by] its benefit. More to fishs species of tropik, a lot of which not yet been laid open. Spawn with its sharess. Vertebrate egg, pursuant to to amount of deutoplasma ( egg yolk, etcetera) which there are in cytoplasma, can be divided [by] two ( Nelsen, 1953 a. egg of Homolecithal ( isolecithal). this Egg faction only there are [at] mammalia. Amount of scanty deutoplasma especially in the form of fat items and biggest egg yolk in cytoplasma. b. egg of Telolecithal. In egg of this faction there are a number of egg yolk gathering [at] one of [the] its pole. fish of Ganoid

Fish of Pelagophils. Prolific [in] open or free territorial water where egg result of breeder of [it] will float, go down downwards or climb of surface. [The] mentioned base on to specific gravity spawn determined by oil item content in egg and habit of place marry. Sea fishs a lot is the including into this fish faction. After marrying this fishs take no account of its clan will and all egg left [by] [in] area pembiakan [it]. Even though that fish have [done/conducted] the effort where behaviour when breeder of [it] aim to [so that/ to be] all the [releasing] egg earn fruit. fishs of phytophils, lithophils, and psamophils of pelagophils which have been told above [is] fish which [do] not take care of its clan or take no account of its childs. But there [is] also fish of ovipar paying attention its clan [of] goodness by making den before [doing/conducting] marriage, and there [is] also paying attention its clan after happened marriage, that is with menyimpan or protect its clan [at] ce

Lobster Freshwater. Differ from prawn pole, lobster can be marketed [by] goodness as prawn consume and also as aquarium decoration. That is why prospect of lobster much more [is] open compared to other prawn commodity. This Lobster in a short time become primadona because amendable [in] basin bargain. Recognition of Type. Lobster [is] generally arrested from coast. Coastal fisherman Baron [is], Yogyakarta with dinghy swim and catch lobster among rocks, [is] later;then sold [by] [in] coast or sent to buyer. Nowadays, freshwater lobster can be developed [by] [in] lawn pool, [is] same as other bream commodity. Freshwater Lobster ( Cherax Sp .) [is] one of [the] pertained gender [is] crustacea ( prawn nation ) which entire/all cycling its life happened [in] freshwater. its big Body size measure naturally. Its body consist of two shares, that is head ( body and cephalotorax) ( abdomen). There [is] part of [among/between] him that is subcephalotorax. Entire/All its body [is] blanketed with c

Fish and Habitat breeding. Pursuant to to kinds of used [by] habitat [is] fish when breeding, we earn to classify the the fish become some faction like following: Fish of Phytophils [is] prolific fish faction [it] [at] territorial water which there are vegetasi to paste up [released] egg. such territorial water usually stagnan or [his/its] small stream. In fact the condition of such territorial water if seen from dissolve oxygen facet, hence its situation all kinds of that is strarting from territorial water which [is] oxygen insuffiency will be mentioned so that which [is] its rate. enough. However plant exist in in the territorial water presumably represent a[n needed to condition taking place breeder [him/ it]. Fish which including into fish faction of phytophils for example Esox Lucius, Perca Sp., Notemigonus Crysoleucas, some fish which including into Set of relatives of Labridae and of Cyprinidae. In Indonesia which have famous as conducting fish and including into fish of phytop

fish of Nilem carp [is] usually cooked [by] pepes because its size measure [do] not too big. This fish can be sold in economic package. A. Recognition of Type. Form Body fish of Nilem carp ( Osteochilus Hasselti ) almost similar to goldfish. The difference, fish head of Nilem smaller carp relative. [At] its mouth angle;corners, there are two feeler;complaint tide of peraba. its Body colour [of] grey green. Back fin have 3 hard radius and 12-18 soft radius. Fin go with the tide in form of branch and is symmetrical. Anus fin contributed by 3 hard radius and 5 soft radius. Stomach fin contributed by 1 hard radius and 8 soft radius. Chest fin consist of 1 hard radius and 13-15 soft radius. Amount of sisik [at] side line there [is] 33-36 keping. Near by angle;corner trap to the there [is] 2 sensuous feeler;complaint tide. fish of Nilem carp. can reach body length 32 cm. [In] West Java, fish of nilem have popularitas a little below goldfish. [In] various other area, this fish [is] known as

Fish species of ovovivipar its amount much more many from [at] fish of vivipar. [At] fish of ovovivipar, growth of child in mains content get food of supply of available egg yolk and [at] this faction [of] its situation [is] non plasental. But [at] faction of Elasmobranchia which [is] vivipar according to Hoar ( 1969) there are also which [is] its situation [is] non plasental apart from ordinary have placenta. Matter that way [at] fish faction of Elasmobranchia represent complete example [of] [of] food contribution of mains to its clan start from situation which [there] no [gift/ giving] of food of mains until to its for which [is] komplek. Egg [at] fish of ovovivipar pregnant [of] organic material 20 - 40% too many for one borne fish children. Probably because this matter [of] mains only giving just protection to growth of mentioned egg. But there [is] also fish of ovovivipar having egg where organic material content [of] him a few/little. For its mentioned growth [of] fry get need of

Fish of Mustelus canis and Sphyrna tiburo in fact fish of vivipar, but [at] start of growth of [his/its] egg for a few month;moon like fish of ovovivipar. Its egg which containing many egg yolk represent food for the growth of mentioned embryo before formed [his/its] [of] placenta. Every egg form external network of egg yolk so that finally like staying in separate room. Later;Then from uterus also grow network which finally will [is] braiding each other with network coming from egg [is] so that formed [by] a kind of placenta. Bar egg yolk will patch [at] a kind of mentioned placenta, where embryo later;then will accept its food from mains. A period of/to containing fish faction of Elasmobranchia unegual ovovivipar. Fish of Myliobastis bovine a period of/to containing four months [it], Trygon Violacea two months , three-month Urolophus Halleri and Squalus acanthias two months . Fish of Mustelus canis which [is] pregnant vivipar during ten months. Differ from fish faction of vivipar and

Result of internal fertilisasi [of] fish of vivipar when its child [is] borne [is] fishs individual which have almost perfect like mains fish and to early life in territorial water [shall] no longger base on mains but to effort alone. Equally its mains [shall] no longger ' give provisions to its child after that child [is] borne. fry of Vivipar when in mains content get food and [release] its dirt [pass/through] a kind of placenta which have a lot or vili of trophonemata and equiped by capillary vein. Other the things of with mammal faction, fish of vivipar a period of/to containing [him/ it] can change. Because that fish [of] poikilothermal, hence if territorial water temperature progressively increase from usually, a period of/to that fish content can become short progressively, or on the contrary. While fry able to be contained by its mains pursuant to to is big [of] its mains. Ever greater [of] mains more and more fry able to contain of. However [at] fish of vivipar able to con

Process Breeder of Fish. [At] fish of Set of relatives of Scorpaenidae which [is] ovovivipar have been found [by] many sperma which patch [at] coat of epitel follicle which enter, but that sperma have never been got in follicle. Impregnation [at] this fish faction the happening of after kopulasi that is by sperma which have [in] in female fish body. [At] some Set of relatives fish of Embiotocidae after happened sperma kopulasi which come into female fish body if egg fruit [do] not admit of six-month life until later;then. This Sperma [of] egg fruit which will still reside in in follicle. Fruit egg which have when coming into ovary have reached segmentation phase early and reside in situ during 10 - 12 months so that reach furthermore growth phase. [At] fish faction of Elasmobrancia female, ovari and its [of] him [do] not all installing. For example [at] fish of Urolophus halleri, and ovari of oviduct its starboard dwindle and [do] not function. Trygon bleekeri lkan don't have and o

Vivipar yolk egg have of spawn [ is] which [ is] and reduced very [ at] life child early growth, mains of food get body mains in. Ovovivipar yolk egg more have of spawn, body mains its in staying when food child its for good which, acre there case this in where of some ace only mains mentioned from of just protector. While [ at] its egg ovipar of fish also body fish outside life its cycling early fry for good which yolk egg many containing. breeding [at] faction of vivipar or of ovovivipar [do] not [is] forever followed by impregnation and growth of result association of egg with sperma in female mains body. To succeeding impregnation [him/ it] [at] this fish faction, like have been told that this fish have instrumentality that is part of anus fin which have metamorphosed genital or [him/it] of pabilla big which named " pseudopenis". But on the contrary [at] fish of Apogonimberis its its[his] urogenital [at] fish can be signalized and touched to accept sperma of masculine fis

Breeding . breeding as one part of the reproduction represent cycle link [of] life determining the continuity of species life. Addition of fish population base on succeeding this breeding [him/ it] as well as base on the condition of where fish larva and egg later expand. Therefore in fact breeder claim a[n certainty for the security [of] continuity of its clan life by chosening place, beneficial condition and time. Pursuant to this matter [of] breeder every fish species have different habit depended to that breeder habitat to pass off its process. Under normal circumstances fish pass off breeding of minimum once in one cycling its life such as those which there are [at] fish of salmon and of sidat. After [doing/conducting] breeder, fish mains [of] death because running out of of energy. Most of all fish pembiakan [him/it] pursuant to sexual reproduction that is the happening of association of cell produce sexual organ which in the form of egg of female fish and spermatozoa of masculin

vivipar, and ovovivipar of ovipar. Referring to breeder, recognized [by] there [is] three kinds of fish that is vivipar, and ovovivipar of ovipar. fish of Vivipar and of ovovivipar [is] fish producing children him while fish of ovivar [is] fish [releasing] egg when happened breeding. Difference [among/between] fish of vivipar with fish of ovovivipar lay in growth of contained egg and situation of its childs when borne. fish of Vivipar and of ovovivipar usually small berfecundity and its clan get a kind of confidence or guarantee of mains to be able to pass off early hidupya safely. While [at] fish of ovipar usually big berfekunditas or amount of big [released] egg [it] caused to make balance to situation pressure around from atypical matter especially from attack of predator. This matter indicate that fish of vivipar and of ovovivipar more modern than fish of ovipar in maintaining species eksistensi. In course of its its[his] that is when happened breeding, fish of ovipar more [releasi

Fecundity and population. Bagenal ( 1978) telling that beside absolute fecundity there [is] also population fecundity that is amount of all egg from all absolute fecundity [of] female fish to be prolific, that is all egg which to be [released] in one season of breeding. In this [relation/link] [of] specific age fecundity ( fecundity specific age) representing component of fecundity population. If/When known [by] structure old age from the population and amount of each its member [is] known, hence population fecundity can know. [At] per annum unegual population fecundity. this Causes variation [of] relate to age composition, environmental factor like supply of food, density of population, territorial water temperature, dissolve oxygen, and others. Fishs which [is] life [at] less fertile territorial water [of] its egg production lower. Attempt with [gift/ giving] of rabon [at] fish of salmon, Scott in Bagenal ( 1978) getting that reduction of food cause reduction of its egg amount and [a

Fecundity with race. different Stok Fecundity of [is] same species have been weared for the distinguishment of race by many researcher. Different race have the nature of large size unegual fecundity and so do its egg. Hence species coming from one arrest area can know from amount of its egg. Pursuant to this matter, population can know heterogeneous or homogeneous. Fishs from one species live in various habitat like different river or in territorial water which, differing latitude possible have difference of egg in its its. source : M. Ichsan Effendie

Fecundity of the size egg. Egg size measure [is] usually weared to determine the quality of related to egg yolk content where king sized egg yield king sized larva than small fairish. In making comparison of egg size measure with fekunditas have to come from [is] same ovari [of] its maturity storey;level. [Is] often anticipated that fecundity of the size egg have negative correlation [to]. [At] prolific fish duplicate to be got that egg [released] [at] small fairish breeder later;then. Although [do] not there are at all of fish [is] but got that egg size measure and fish footage have positive correlation [to], where this matter [is] followed [by] prolific king sized fish o!eh beforehand. Source : M. Ichsan Effendie

doubled Breeder Fecundity. prolific fish repeatedly during llama will entangle problem of reserve egg and egg which have expanded. Its criterion that is there [is] [do] not it[him] egg yolk. Amount of egg having its [counted/calculated] egg yolk it[him] for that season. This criterion according to Bagenal ( 1978) have been used by some writer. De Sylva ( in Bagenal, 1978) have succeeded to anticipate the amount of generation ( egg amount and batch) every generation. If fish have egg which consist of some group, hence egg group which have expanded will be [released] at one time. By comparing the amount of egg which have had egg yolk with amount of egg which [is] very expand, to be assumed can give the amount of egg [at] [released] group every season.

Weighing Fecundity. Absolute Fecundity [is] often attributed to weight, because weight more is coming near [is] condition of that fish than length. But in [relation/link] of fecundity weighing there are some difficulty. Heavy will quickly change when prolific season. For example fish of salmon and of sidat [doing/conducting] journey before is prolific, they [shall] no longger take food, become to fast to place of breed. Material for its growth [of] him taken away from [by] network of somatik. Therefore if participating correlation of fekunditas weighing of somatik in comparing one population with population or among two season have to take a care. If absolute fecundity mathematically total weighing correlation [is] including weight of gonad will generate difficulty statistically. Cause will be [entered/included] [by] egg in number larger ones of fish which in fact small berfecundity. Also [is] same difficulty will arise if fecundity attributed to factor of[is condition of, because in f

population fecundity relative from one hundred, a thousand or ten thousand individual of certain age group. Amount of fish in every age class multiplied [by] mean fecundity of that age. Result of which [is] got from suming all age group give fecundity relative. this fecundity can differ from year to year because many individual which is not prolific annually. If in one year, there are individual in number many will cause low fecundity in the year the other. fecundity with length . fecundity [is] often attributed to length than weighing, because its decrease length [of] infinitesimal relatip [do] not like weight able to decrease easily. Matter which must be paid attention in making [relation/link] of fecundity with length if taking sampel which repeatedly have to take a care, because if taken fish when gonad [is] growing this matter [do] not represent growth of somatik. Become here difference there must be [among/between] growth of somatik with growth of gonad. Most [all] writer plot ab

fecundity [at] fish of Tilapia sp . Lowe in Gerking ( 1975) expressing that fecundity [at] fish of Tilapia sp [is] the amount of that yielded fry during individual life spans. This matter of course very difficult once determining [him/ it] even not possible (to). Referring to nature of fish of mujair brooding on its childs in mouth, hence Bagenal ( 1978) proposing term of fecundity for the fish of mujair ( Tilapia Mozambika ) [is] as follows: a. " Fecundity Ovarian" that is amount of existing matured egg in ovary before [released] in breeding b. " Fecundity Brooding" that is amount of egg which [is] brooding on in its mouth. Fish which including into faction of vivipar, that is fish producing children him, having three kinds of fecundity that is a. " Fecundity Prefertilized" that is amount of egg in ovary before happened impregnation b. " Fecundity Fertilized" That is amount of egg which [is] fruit in ovary c. " Fecundity Larval" [is] t

fecundity [at] big and old fish. Fishs the old man and is big [of] its size measure have smaller fecundity relative. Generally higher fecundity relative compared to with individual fecundity. fecundity relative will become maximum [at] fish faction which still is young ( Nikolsky, 1969). Source : Moch. Ichsan Effendie

fish relative fecundity. fecundity relative [is] the amount of egg per set of length or weight. this fecundity even also in fact deputize individual fecundity [is] if not paid attention fish length or weight. Applying of fecundity relative have [done/conducted] many by some researcher people. There [is] taking weight as its divisor and there [is] also taking length. May even exist combining usage of fecundity relative that is ovari per set of weight with fish length. Good but individual fecundity and also fecundity relative [do] not show capacities reproduce from population because individual fecundity [do] not show population fecundity. Usage of fecundity relative with set of weight according to Bagenal ( Gerking, 1967) more coming near to condition of itself fish from [at] with length. Even according to Nikolsky ( 1969) more is expressing [of] female fish status and quality of from egg if weight weared without digestive appliances weight [of] its food. Source : Moch. Ichsan Effendie

total fecundity [of] fish. fecundity in fish ovari. In ovari usually there [is] two kinds of egg size measure, small and big. That big egg will be [released] in the year and small will be [released] next in the year. But often happened if condition of goodness, small egg even also will be [released] to catch up big egg. Referring to this matter hence suggested to determine fish fecundity if that fish ovari [is] in maturity phase which to IV ( according to Nikolsky) and momentary best before happened breeder. individual fecundity will difficult to apply for fishs performing [a] breeding several times in one year, because containing egg from various storey;level and will be more be difficult again determine really egg will be [released] in the year to come. Become this good individual fecundity applied [at] fishs performing [a] annual breeding or one year once. Referring to this matter hence irrelevant individual fecundity with total fecundity. Royce ( 1972) expressing that total fecundi

FEKUNDITAS FISH. Knowledge concerning fekunditas represent one of [the] aspect playing a part important in fishery biology. Fish Fekunditas have been studied not only representing one of [the] aspect of history natural, but in fact there [is] its [relation/link] with population dynamics study, nature of rasial, production and problem of stok-rekruitmen ( Bagenal, 1978). From fekunditas indirectly we earn to appraise the amount of fry to be yielded and will determine also the amount of fish in pertinent age class. In this [relation/link] of course there [is] other factors which play a part important and very hand in glove its [relation/link] with strategy reproduce in order to maintaining attendance of that species [in] nature. Besides, fekunditas represent a[n subyek able to correspond to all kinds of condition especially with response to food. Amount of [released] egg represent one link link [among/between] one generation with next generation, but in general [there] no clear [relation

Technics [of] Pickling of gland of hipofise fish. 1. Using acetone ( way of running dry). Pickling by using acetone can be [done/conducted] by including gland of hipofise into bottle contain acetone. Acetone thrown [is] then changed with new acetone, whereas gland - hipofise remain to be let in bottle. Acetone [is] later;then thrown again and changed with new acetone [is] then hushed [by] during 8 [Hour/Clock]. After 8 acetone [hour/clock] [released] again and changed with new acetone [is] then let [by] during 24 [hour/clock]. After 24 [hour/clock], acetone evaporated with small saucer or paper Lie down. Gland of Hipofise last [entered/included] into bottle. [is] later;then given [by] cotton and [its] mouth [is] corked with [cover/conclusion] till last meeting kept in desikator. 2. Using alcohol ( way of is wet). gland of Hipofise soaked in absolute alcohol 96%. Alcohol [is] later;then thrown and changed with new alcohol. Afterwards, alcohol thrown again and changed with new alcohol [i

way of keeping gland of hipofise fish. Exploiting of gland of hipofise effective [is] at the most one [hour/clock] since dead fish. But, if supply of gland of hipofise had [by] quite a lot hence the glands can be conserved. Important matter which require to be paid attention in moth-balls gland [is] the gland have to come from fish which have matured genitals. Because of, [among/between] big fish and which [is] gland size measure [is] [is] same hipofise relative hence during depository have to be remembered [by] weight of[is each fish which [is] its gland [is] kept. This matter require to anticipate [by] because a time gap [among/between] early depository and its use possible sufficiently long is. Depository [of] gland of hipofise in general can be [done/conducted] with two way of, that is using alcohol and acetone.

Hatch and Treatment of Seed. For the efficacy of hatch of egg, require to be [done/conducted] [by] the following stages;steps 1) Wash out, then dry hatch basin 2) Install hapa to incubate egg 3) Pool hatch basin content with clean water 4) Enhancing anti mushroom. In the form of Ymohm Ich atauMitz counted litre cc o,o5 irrigate into hatch basin 5) Accomodating temperature [in] hatch basin. [In] Bogor, to boost up temperature by using primus stove. egg of Pangasius will hatch in tempo 28 [hour/clock] [at] room temperature 26-28 Celcius . 6) Removing seed which [is] barn old age 1 day into fairish aquarium 8o cm x 45 cm x 45 cm counted 5oo tail / aquarium. Irrigate exist in in aquarium better have diaerasi during at least 24 [hour/clock] 7) Look after burayak during 15 day in aquarium. Conservancy of Magnification and seed. Conservancy [done/conducted] [by] [in] pool which have been fertilized one week previously. utilized manure usually chicken dirt counted 1 singk / pool m2. Pool fille

Breeding pangasius. Breeding of fish of patin [is] usually [done/conducted] with technique marry to inject because mains of patin [do] not [is] influenced. to [be] prolific if/when with natural environment. Technique breeder of induction ( breeding induce) by inseminating gland condensation of hipofise mixed with ovaprim. Usually, this technique [is] followed with sequence technique ( stripping) [so that/ to be] castaway egg [do] not and can be incubated in aquarium. Pool construction. Pool Mains of Pangasius separate located masculine usually with mains pool of Pangasius female. If/When is not available enough pool, usually only provided [by] pool for just female mains. easier Masculine mains searched to farmer of fish compared to readily female mains lay eggs. good pool usually in form of is square [of] length because more is guarantying [of] sirkulasi irrigate and water down arrest with net. Pool better obtain;get pasokan irrigate from channel inclusion of direct water, non from oth

Chosen Mains fish of Pangasius. selected Mains usually come from special conservancy pool [of] mains and or adrift net. Usually, locked out of [by] masculine mains [of] female mains. As for female mains characteristic and masculine mains which have made [by] good [of] the following mains. Mains characteristic which with quality is : Female. Old age 3 year. Tired wt. 1,5-2 singk / tail. Stomach of big mains up at anus. Stomach felt smooth and soft if/when groped. wine-colored and Bloated Kloaka. Husk part of flimsy and flabby stomach. If/When [about/around] kloaka depressed, will go out some egg item which its for domed and its size measure [of] uniform. male. Old age 2 year. Wt. 1,5-2 singk / tail. flimsy and flabby Stomach husk. If/When massaged, will go out dilution of sperma white chromatic. rose colored and Bloated genitals.

1. Habit eat. [In] this fish nature [is] including is omnivorous. ( omnivora). Pangasius can eat small fishs, eating, detritus, insect, bulk, small udangudang, and mollusc 2. Habit multiply. fish of Pangasius hitherto not yet can be married naturally. Its of it still require excitement [so that/ to be] female mains will [release] its egg. Excitement taken [is] solidarity [among/between] marrying to inject ( breeding induce) with technique of stripping.

Habit of fish of pangasius Live [in] Nature. Ordinary Patin/pangasius [of] life [in] caves or hole [in] territorial water base. This fish have the character of nockturnal or avoid light and make a move active between two lights. Patin of[is including elementary fish which [is] life [in] great river and river estuary. Fish flesh of patin very crispy and delicious so that very liked [by] society.

Frequently there [is] briny fish product which sold with fish lable of patin, though in fact [is] briny fish [of] bread jambal which (it) is true represent briny fish ossify one. Usually, patin very [is] delicious cooked as gulai, pepes, or other scalloping. But, patin cannot be fried crunchy like gourami, goldfish and also tilapia. Recognition of Type. Fish of Patin have long body and is not scaly. its Body length can reach 120 cm. silvery white Chromatic body, while rather blue chromatic back. Form lead small relative Mouth reside in at the end of rather side under with two sensuous moustache tide as a means of. Back fish fin of patin have hard radius which turn into big and jagged patil [in] side its back. Soft radius [of] its back fin there [is] 6 or 7. [At] part of its back there are infinitesimal fairish fat fin. Fin go with the tide in form of symmetrical intersection. its Anus fin [of] length consist of 30-33 soft radius, while stomach fin have 6 soft radius. Chest fin have 12-

- Pass to mature Egg : Condition of egg in ovary, because at the (time) of maturing [do] not happened impregnation so that become to pass from cooking, so that [do] not, earn fruit again - Lorica : cover Rotifera - Matured [of] egg : Ripe, ready for fruit / prolific - Melanophore : vitamin Colour, black pigment [at] larva - Morphologi : Form and outward appearance - Morula : Mount growth of egg after impregnation, where setting have split more than 64 setting - Neurola : Mount growth of egg after impregnation, where embryo nerve formation start to be formed - Neuromast : Formation Nerve - Oil Globule : Item Oil, fat reserve as source of energi to larva beside egg yolk , during 3 - 4 day - Outlet : Pipe expenditure of water - Seed Panti : Hatchery, a[n place conservancy of fish covering conservancy of mains candidate, mains, egg, larva, and seed - Physical excitement : A[N way of to stimulate fish for breeding by environmental manipulation physically, like is high [of] water, temperatur

A typical adult great white shark measures 4 to 4.8 m (13 to 16 ft ) with a typical weight of 680 to 1,100 kg (1,500 to 2,450 lb ), females generally being larger than males. The maximum size of the great white shark has been subject to much debate, conjecture, and misinformation. Richard Ellis and John E. McCosker , both academic shark experts, devote a full chapter in their book, The Great White Shark (1991), to analysing various accounts of extreme size. Today, most experts contend that the great white shark's "normal" maximum size is about 6 m (20 ft), with a "normal" maximum weight of about 1,900 kg (4,200 lb). For several decades, many ichthyological works, as well as the Guinness Book of World Records , listed two great white sharks as the largest individuals caught: an 11 m (36 ft) great white captured in Southern Australian waters near Port Fairy in the 1870s, and an 11.3 m (37 ft) shark trapped in a herring weir in New Brunswick , Canada in the 1